In December 1941, Hitler unilaterally declared war on the United States, which consequently added its tremendous economic and military power to the coalition arrayed against him. In what region of the world did World War II begin in 1937? [76], Allied air superiority became a significant hindrance to German operations during the later years of the war. [40], In the Sinai and Palestine campaign, operations involved some aspects of what would later be called blitzkrieg. During the Polish campaign, the performance of armored troops, under the influence of Guderian's ideas, won over a number of skeptics who had initially expressed doubt about armored warfare, such as von Rundstedt and Rommel. Question 16 options: A) A method of war using motorized vehicles and aggressive movement B) A German term describing racial unity C) A German term for "peace with honor" D . After those initial German successes, the Allies adopted this form of warfare with great success, beginning with Stalingrad and subsequently used by commanders such as U.S. Gen. George Patton in the European operations of 1944. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. The idea. On 10 May the Luftwaffe began attacking France, Belgium and Holland, concentrating particularly on the latter. [47] In an advance of 65 miles (105km), captures were estimated to be "at least 25,000 prisoners and 260 guns. The Germans quickly advanced through the forest, knocking down the trees the French thought would impede this tactic. = 2 1/4. Sternberg wrote that Germany was not prepared economically for a long war but might win a quick war ("Blitzkrieg"). Attacks relied on speed and surprise rather than on weight of numbers. The main evidence of Liddell Hart's deceit and "tendentious" report of history can be found in his letters to Erich von Manstein, Heinz Guderian and the relatives and associates of Erwin Rommel. If the defender can hold the shoulders of the breach they will have the opportunity to counter-attack into the flank of the attacker, potentially cutting off the van as happened to Kampfgruppe Peiper in the Ardennes. For historical generals, from Alexander the Great of ancient Macedonia to Frederick II of 18th-century Prussia, their armies functioned as the centre of gravity. [37], The British Army took lessons from the successful infantry and artillery offensives on the Western Front in late 1918. Blitzkrieg is most commonly associated with Nazi Germany during World War II even though numerous combatants used its techniques in that war. = 2 1/4. Basically, the Germans would storm into an enemy territory full force and try to win the battle as quickly as possible using full force. [101][102] Soviet defensive tactics had by now hugely improved, particularly in the use of artillery and air support. The method of execution was then a matter for the discretion of the subordinate commander. [2][5] During the Invasion of Poland, Western journalists adopted the term blitzkrieg to describe this form of armored warfare. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Fighter-bomber attacks on German formations made movement during daylight almost impossible. Overy presents this as evidence that a "blitzkrieg economy" did not exist. [61] MacGregor and Williamson remark that Rommel's version of Blitzkrieg displayed a significantly better understanding of combined-arms warfare than that of Guderian. Germany did not defeat Great Britain, which was protected from German ground attack by the English Channel and the Royal Navy. A method of war using motorized vehicles and aggressive movement C. A German term for "peace with honor" D. A method of war involving extensive fortifications and focusing on defense. [a], It was the opposite of a doctrine. in Land Warfare (International Perspective) with honors and a graduate certificate in German Military Studies from the American Military University. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. https://www.britannica.com/topic/blitzkrieg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology - The Myth of Blitzkrieg, PBS LearningMedia - The Story of Blitzkrieg | Nazi Mega Weapons: Blitzkrieg, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - Blitzkrieg, blitzkrieg - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The centers served to field-test aircraft and armored vehicles up to the battalion level and housed aerial- and armoured-warfare schools, through which officers rotated. The construction and training of motorized forces and a full mobilization of the rail networks would not begin until 1943 and 1944 respectively. what was the blitzkrieg weegydiameter and circumference of a soda can in cm As the ideas of making use of the combustible engine in a protected encasement to bring mobility back to warfare developed in the German army, Guderian was a leading proponent of the formations that would be used for this purpose. Weight is best described as A. the amount of surface included within a set of boundaries. By Guderian's account he single-handedly created the German tactical and operational methodology. [69], Methamphetamine (known as pervitin) use is believed to have played a role in the speed of Germany's initial Blitzkrieg, since military success employing combined arms demanded long hours of continuous operations with minimal rest. Question 16 options: A) A method of war using motorized vehicles and aggressive movement B) A German term describing racial unity C) A German term for "peace with honor" D) A method of war involving extensive fortifications and . [148][146], The early 1950s literature transformed blitzkrieg into a historical military doctrine, which carried the signature of Liddell Hart and Guderian. [113][155] Rather the German concept of wars of movement and concentrated force were seen in wars of Prussia and the German wars of unification. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. What did happen was the Wehrmacht's blitzkrieg into the Soviet Union in 1941, which caught Stalin by surprise. Never 16/9 = Weegy: Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will decrease slowly. Once the strategic Schwerpunkt had been identified, the attack could commence, using the concept of Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle). Weegy: Blitzkrieg is a term used to describe a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using mobile, maneuverable forces, including armored tanks and air support. So as to eliminate that wasteful use of manpower, he advocated for a concentration of force against an enemy. The transformation from the stalemate of the First World War into tremendous initial operational and strategic success in the Second, was partly the employment of a relatively small number of mechanized divisions, most importantly the Panzer divisions, and the support of an exceptionally powerful air force. = 15 * 3/20 Later all Allied armies would copy this innovation. 576 square inches Blitzkrieg means "lightning war". [56], Guderian believed that developments in technology were required to support the theory; especially, equipping armored divisionstanks foremostwith wireless communications. However, the Soviet Union launched a counteroffensive in November 1942, trapping and destroying an entire German army at Stalingrad. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. After the bombing of Guernica in 1937 and the Rotterdam Blitz in 1940, it was commonly assumed that terror bombing was a part of Luftwaffe doctrine. "Blitzkrieg," a German word meaning "Lightning War," was Germany's strategy to avoid a long war in the first phase of World War II in Europe. All employment of force should have an effective concentration in a single moment, with a single action, Clausewitz argued. [139] In 2003, John Mosier wrote that while the French soldiers in 1940 were better trained than German soldiers, as were the Americans later and that the German army was the least mechanized of the major armies, its leadership cadres were larger and better and that the high standard of leadership was the main reason for the successes of the German army in World War II, as it had been in World War I. Weegy: Blitzkrieg was a swift intensive military attack, using tanks supported by aircraft, designed to defeat the opposition quickly. National Education Association falls into the organized labor category. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Which of the following was an outcome of the Potsdam Conference? [34] Seeckt inspired a revision of Bewegungskrieg (maneuver warfare) thinking and its associated Auftragstaktik, in which the commander expressed his goals to subordinates and gave them discretion in how to achieve them; the governing principle was "the higher the authority, the more general the orders were", so it was the responsibility of the lower echelons to fill in the details. 20/3 This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. [92] That same French army collapsed after barely two months of fighting. = 15 * 3/20 User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. Flexibility was the Luftwaffe's strength in 19391941. Allied forces deployed to the flanks of the German penetration and as soon as the skies cleared, Allied aircraft returned to the battlefield. Despite the continuing war with Great Britain, German forces invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941. 36 in. [111], After the Allied landings in Normandy (June 1944), the Germans began a counter-offensive to overwhelm the landing force with armored attacks - but these failed due to a lack of co-ordination and to Allied superiority in anti-tank defense and in the air. The Germans never achieved the kind of fire concentrations their enemies were capable of by 1944. The tactic was based on Alfred von Schlieffen's 'Schlieffen Plan' - this What was Blitzkrieg and Who Created it. A blitzkrieg method called for a young, highly skilled mechanized army. [119][120] Frieser wrote that surviving German economists and General Staff officers denied that Germany went to war with a blitzkrieg strategy. The prestigious Militrwissenschaftliche Rundschau, the War Ministry's journal, which was founded in 1936, published a number of theoretical pieces on future developments in air warfare. Having studied generals who predated Napoleon, Clausewitz found that commanders of various armies had dispersed their forces without focused reasoning, which resulted in those forces being used inefficiently. "[87][pageneeded], The German invasion of France, with subsidiary attacks on Belgium and the Netherlands, consisted of two phases, Operation Yellow (Fall Gelb) and Operation Red (Fall Rot). Under these conditions it was difficult for German commanders to employ the "armored idea", if at all. 1134-6, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63329.html, "Fort Eben-Emael: Geographic Pivot of the Western Front, 1940", "Advancing Backwards: The Demodernization of the German Army in World War 2", "How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy (January 7, 2020)", https://doi.org/10.1179/106980489790305551, Armstrong, G. P. The Controversy over Tanks in the British Army 1919 to 1933 (PhD 1976), Sinesi, Michael. The German invasion of Western Europe has been going for over a week now, and the Neutral and Allied countries are in disarray. The German army, contrary to the blitzkrieg legend, was not fully motorized and had only 120,000 vehicles, compared to the 300,000 of the French Army. Clausewitz called that concentration the Schwerpunkt (centre of gravity) where it was most dense, identifying it as the effective target for attack. ncssm summer ventures; sweeney football player; tristano tgv wife [31] Following Germany's defeat, the Treaty of Versailles limited the Reichswehr to a maximum of 100,000 men, making impossible the deployment of mass armies. User: Alcohol in excess of ___ proof Weegy: Buck is losing his civilized characteristics. User: She worked really hard on the project. Full participation for women in mainstream society is the stated goal of the National Organization for Women. The tactics, as employed by the Germans, consisted of a splitting thrust on a narrow front by combat groups using tanks, dive bombers, and motorized artillery to disrupt the main enemy battle position at the Schwerpunkt. Historian H.P. German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German Luftwaffe was able to control the air war in early campaigns in Western and Central Europe, and the Soviet Union. The French armies were much reduced in strength and the confidence of their commanders shaken. [citation needed] Additionally, units could be halted by mud (thawing along the Eastern Front regularly slowed both sides) or extreme snow. In Operation Dynamo some 330,000 French and British troops escaped.[90]. Rarely His opinions appeared in his book Vers l'Arme de mtier (Towards the Professional Army, 1933). Colonel Charles de Gaulle advocated concentration of armor and airplanes. [10] Some senior officers, including Kurt Student, Franz Halder and Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg, even disputed the idea that it was a military concept. "Blitzkrieg Ambiguities: Doubtful Usage of a Famous Word. This style, along with the shockingly rapid collapse in the armies that opposed it, came to be branded as blitzkrieg warfare.[14]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [71] It should however be noted that the disadvantages of terrain could be nullified if surprise was achieved over the enemy by an attack through areas considered natural obstacles, as occurred during the Battle of France when the German blitzkrieg-style attack went through the Ardennes. Which of the following was a goal of the Tennessee Valley authority? Subsequently, shortages soon developed in food, fuel and ammunition, severely hampering the German defenders. Blitzkrieg are an English heavy metal band formed in Leicester in 1980. Harris also found no evidence that German military thinking developed a blitzkrieg mentality. [27] In early January 1942, Hitler dismissed it as "Italian phraseology". In 193940, 45 percent of the army was 40 years old and 50 percent of the soldiers had only a few weeks' training. ('There is nothing about the matter in my file of correspondence with Guderian himself exceptthat I thanked himfor what he said in that additional paragraph'.)". [133] The rearmament of the Kriegsmarine was to have been completed in 1949 and the Luftwaffe rearmament program was to have matured in 1942, with a force capable of strategic bombing with heavy bombers. These forces would drive a breach in enemy defenses, permitting armored tank divisions to penetrate rapidly and roam freely behind enemy lines, causing shock and disorganization among the enemy defenses. German vehicle crews and even flak units experienced great difficulty moving during daylight. Within the Inspectorate of Transport Troops, Guderian and colleagues performed theoretical and field exercise work. [137], Adam Tooze wrote that the German economy was being prepared for a long war. [9], Despite being common in German and English-language journalism during World War II, the word Blitzkrieg was never used by the Wehrmacht as an official military term, except for propaganda. [134] Hitler needed to avoid war until these projects were complete but his misjudgements in 1939 forced Germany into war before rearmament was complete. This proved critical in early tank battles where German tank commanders exploited the organizational advantage over the Allies that radio communication gave them. German attempts to weather the storm and fight out of encirclements failed due to the Russian ability to continue to feed armored units into the attack, maintaining the mobility and strength of the offensive, arriving in force deep in the rear areas, faster than the Germans could regroup. Fuller and Sir Basil Liddell Hart providing the tactics necessary to translate the theory into action. [80] Guderian said that the tank deployment was "on too small a scale to allow accurate assessments to be made". By June 1944 the Western Allies had complete control of the air over the battlefield and their fighter-bomber aircraft were very effective at attacking ground forces. By the end of the war, Germany found itself defeated by the strategic (Schwerpunkt) and tactical (Kesselschlacht) concepts that had initially brought it such success. Thus, "the image of the German 'Blitzkrieg' army is a figment of propaganda imagination". The Kesselschlacht 'cauldron battle' was a concentric attack on such pockets. [h] Indeed, the final German offensive operation in the west, Operation Wacht am Rhein, was planned to take place during poor weather to minimize interference by Allied aircraft. WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. Corrections? Soviet forces were driven back more than 600 miles to the gates of Moscow, with staggering losses. This may have been a reason for Hitler to call a halt to the German advance. Weegy: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was formed in 1949 to protect against an aggressive Soviet Union in Europe. Most academic historians regard the notion of blitzkrieg as military doctrine to be a myth. D. the amount of matter in an object. Among them, Guderian claimed, was Chief of the General Staff Ludwig Beck (193538), who he alleged was skeptical that armored forces could be decisive. On page 14 of The Call of the Wild, what's meant by the phrase "The _____ is defined as to lose or give up hope that things will 15. Blitzkrieg tactics required the concentration of offensive weapons (such as tanks, planes, and artillery) along a narrow front. Those attacks combined with Maxime Weygand's Hedgehog tactic would become the major basis for responding to blitzkrieg attacks in the future: deployment in depth, permitting enemy or "shoulders" of a penetration was essential to channelling the enemy attack, and artillery, properly employed at the shoulders, could take a heavy toll of attackers. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. [102] In the summer of 1944, the Red Army destroyed Army Group Centre in Operation Bagration, using combined-arms tactics for armor, infantry and air power in a coordinated strategic assault, known as deep operations, which led to an advance of 600 kilometres (370mi) in six weeks. [8][9] Blitzkrieg operations capitalized on surprise penetrations (e.g., the penetration of the Ardennes forest region), general enemy unreadiness and their inability to match the pace of the German attack. These concepts would guide Red Army doctrine throughout World War II. [1][2][3][4], During the interwar period, aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the traditional German tactic of Bewegungskrieg (maneuver warfare), deep penetrations and the bypassing of enemy strong points to encircle and destroy enemy forces in a Kesselschlacht (cauldron battle). Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, involved a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorized forces. Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," is a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using highly mobile ground and air forces. Armor commitment consisted of Panzer Battalion 88, a force built around three companies of Panzer I tanks that functioned as a training cadre for Spain's Nationalists. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. The following day the Allies made repeated attempts to destroy the German pontoon bridges, but German fighter aircraft, ground fire and Luftwaffe flak batteries with the panzer forces destroyed 56 percent of the attacking Allied aircraft while the bridges remained intact. Specialist light infantry (Stosstruppen, "storm troops") were to exploit weak spots to make gaps for larger infantry units to advance with heavier weapons and exploit the success, leaving isolated strong points to troops following up. Richard Overy pointed out some 23 percent of German output was military by 1939. [98] In late July, after 2nd Panzer Group (commanded by Guderian) captured the watersheds of the Dvina and Dnieper rivers near Smolensk, the panzers had to defend the encirclement, because the marching infantry divisions remained hundreds of kilometers to the west. Milward described an economy positioned between a full war economy and a peacetime economy. B. Spanish money funded the colonial settlement in England. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the early 1900s, which leading European powers faced increased tensions because of nationalism? This document, which the Luftwaffe adopted, rejected Giulio Douhet's theory of terror bombing. Poland, Norway, France, the Low Countries, the Balkans, North Africa, and the Soviet Union were quickly overwhelmed, and Germany's victories were incredibly fast and efficient. 6 2/3 This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. = 2 5/20 [32] By the time of the Second World War, their reports had led to doctrinal and training publications, including H. Dv. The operational thinking of the German army had not changed significantly since the First World War or since the late 19th century. Blitzkrieg tactics were also used by the German commander Erwin Rommel during the desert campaigns in North Africa. 6 2/3 This one is wrong Europe on the Eve of War, Rising nationalism led to conflict over Alsace-Lorraine between France and Europe on the Eve of War, A(n) ___ is when one country increases its army because others did. Panzer IV in France 1940. User: 3/4 16/9 Weegy: 3/4 ? B. the interval between two events. The British also had an "enviable" contingent of motorized forces. -is what's meant by the phrase "The domesticated generations fell Weegy: A suffix is added to the end of a word to alter its meaning. The Mortain counter-attack was defeated by the US 12th Army Group with little effect on its own offensive operations. Which of the following was an outcome of the Potsdam Conference? A. [28][29], In 1914, German strategic thinking derived from the writings of Carl von Clausewitz (1 June 1780 16 November 1831), Helmuth von Moltke the Elder (26 October 1800 24 April 1891) and Alfred von Schlieffen (28 February 1833 4 January 1913), who advocated maneuver, mass and envelopment to create the conditions for a decisive battle (Vernichtungsschlacht). 768 square inches The XV Panzer Corps attacked towards Brest, XIV Panzer Corps attacked east of Paris, towards Lyon and the XIX Panzer Corps encircled the Maginot Line. [20][21] Both used the term to mean a swift strategic knock-out, rather than a radical new military doctrine or approach to war. [86][pageneeded] Steven Zaloga wrote, "Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzer and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units. [8] According to David Reynolds, "Hitler himself called the term Blitzkrieg 'A completely idiotic word' (ein ganz bldsinniges Wort)". That Nazi Germany went to war on the basis of "blitzkrieg economics" was criticized by Richard Overy in the 1980s and George Raudzens described the contradictory senses in which historians have used the word. [38][39] The four editions of Field Service Regulations published after 1918 held that only combined-arms operations could create enough fire power to enable mobility on a battlefield. C. A German term for "peace with honor" The _______ Project was the top-secret project tasked with developing atomic weapons in the United States. Blitzkrieg aka The German war machine was is a term used to describe a method of offensive warfare designed to strike a swift, focused blow at an enemy using. = 45/20 [145], British theorists John Frederick Charles Fuller and Captain Basil Henry Liddell Hart have often been associated with the development of blitzkrieg, though this is a matter of controversy. It was never used in the title of a military doctrine or handbook of the German army or air force,[8] and no "coherent doctrine" or "unifying concept of blitzkrieg" existed. Liddell Hart, in letters to Guderian, "imposed his own fabricated version of blitzkrieg on the latter and compelled him to proclaim it as original formula". = 15 * 3/20 In recent years historians have uncovered that Liddell Hart distorted and falsified facts to make it appear as if his ideas were adopted. Yellow opened with a feint conducted against the Netherlands and Belgium by two armored corps and paratroopers. This style of warfare brought the maneuver back to the fore, and placed an emphasis on the offensive. Main telephone: 202.488.0400 Europe is fairly small so a 10 hour drive (today) can easily take you through multiple countries. [99][100], In the summer of 1942, Germany launched another offensive, this time focusing on Stalingrad and the Caucasus in the southern USSR.

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