Further steps towards an aggregative diachronic approach to world mythology starting from the African continent. p-Edoid ; SC semantics: early beads were made of shell), (root of #48 + *c extend. + stem; PS *lisn 'tongue' is a separate and distinct derivation from the same verb root), (Sem., Eg., Ch. This page was last edited on 28 August 2022, at 11:13. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago (12 to 18 kya), that is, between 16,000 and 10,000 BC. p-Semitic, Khoisan Presumably historical threads connecting PA religion to the religions of historically documented AA speaking societies exist. originated is referred to as Proto-Afro-Asiatic. A complete list of fields included in the selected database. A quick summary taken from Wikipedia: Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. The Afro Asiatic form is limited to Semitic and Chadic. (442) 671 4209 | (442) 229 07 26 contacto@smartphonecenter.com.mx. In lexicostatistical databases, most fields fall into two types: (a) primary language fields, containing the primary wordlist entries for specific languages, (b) note fields, containing notes (such as bibliographical, grammatical . Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is far harder to reconstruct than most proto-languages of language families. No. ; PS, Eg., Ch. Atlantic (Guinea) Posts that do not meet this standard will be removed. Whereas the relation between the various Semitic languages can be compared with that of, say, the various Germanic or Romance or Slavic languages, Afro-Asiatic would have more or less the role of Indo-European with a closer relation between Semitic and Libyco . - Gamkrelidze, T. V., and Vjaceslav V. I. Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture. Scholars in the former Soviet Union prefer to call these languages Afrasian. The name Hamito-Semitic (or Semito-Hamitic), although occasionally still used, is largely considered obsolete; many scholars reject it because it is linguistically wrongthere is no linguistic entity Hamitic to be contrasted, as a whole, to Semitic. Other designations, such as Erythraean and Lisramic, have gained little acceptance. *y: adjective suffix: 3. the original homeland of the proto-Afroasiatic language speaking people in general was a little Asiatic blood is enough to render them That is practically impossible to answer. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. Afroasiatic languages - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Does Counterspell prevent from any further spells being cast on a given turn? The cult of a mother goddess may have been very widely spread. Proto-Afro-Asiatic - Wikiwand A quick summary taken from Wikipedia: Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Thus 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,10 numerlas between proto Semitic and proto Indo-European are connected and only 4 lacks but the 4 is also lacking from indo-european hittie. , C.P. < v. in #918 by V > VV; occurrence of PSC *ee (or *e?) Are there any myths we can plausibly trace back to a common Proto-Indo Proper noun . A quick summary taken from Wikipedia: Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, the hypothetical speakers of the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language. Languages of Cameroon - wikizero.com Proto-Afro-Asiatic origin of 'gum'? Father and mother figures would certainly be natural prototypes for gods, due to their huge significance in human culture and development, as far back as one can imagine. innovation: narrowing of meaning to tr. None of the Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken by the Niger-Congoid peoples, or even the Nilo-Saharans who come close to the Hamites as much as possible than any other African group. ), to extend, stretch out (intr. The reconstruction of Proto-Afroasiatic is . p-Nupoid infix [also tonal shift as found in Chadic cases]), (this root is included because #871 following derives from it), (sing. List . @Hamlet I was referring only to the first half of your comment, which requested sources on the Indo European homeland hypothesis. Proto-afro-asiatic definition: (linguistics, uncountable) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Afro-Asiatic languages. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) - Google Books suff. About 250 Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken today by a total of approximately 250 million people. suff. Ancient Navigators . Afro-Asiatic is weird - PhDniX's blog Information and translations of proto-afro-asiatic in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Once thought to be a branch of Nostratic, Proto Afro-Asiatic is now recognized as being a primary branch of Proto-Borean, the other branches being Nostratic, Dene-Daic, and Proto-Amerind. Afro-Asiatic languages | Britannica innovation: 'grow' > 'live,' whence Eg. That indeed the kind of father-god I had in mind; it is more widespread than Proto-Indo-European, e.g. General history of Africa, I: Methodology and African prehistory 2. Kim except for Semitic, which is also spoken in the Middle-East and Malta, all branches of the Afrosiatic family . It would appear the Tamana people belonged to an ancient confederation called Maa. Journal articles: 'University of California, Berkeley. School of Social *w: deverbative complement and result suffix: 2. Thanks for contributing an answer to Mythology & Folklore Stack Exchange! pragmatics slideshare *t: MacAllister; 1921 Thomas ORahilly; Early Irish History and Mythology; 1946 F.T. The question is though, were these creations independent? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. About 470 million people worldwide speak an Afro-Asiatic language of which 310 million are Arabic speakers. Some Afro-Asiatic languages are known only from documents written as long as 5,000 years ago; examples include Akkadian and Eblaite. innovation: 'fold over, bend'), (Eg., Sem. Corrections? *y: adjective suffix: 3. We can reconstruct PIE religion because its from the Bronze Age and we've pinpointed the original PIE speakers to a specific culture, we haven't done that with Proto-Afro-Asiatic. @Cerberus: The PIE culture and its derivatives were highly patriarchal. Proto-Afro-Asiatic language | Britannica When i went on to clarify and mentioned the "earliest languages of North East Africa having African Nilo Saharan loan words" i was speaking of Egyptian. This book describes the earliest reconstructable stages of the prehistory of . An Afro-Asiatic connection may be visible in the Proto-Afro-Asiatic word *bir-, 'metal' (1), although this alone does not explain the name Paris. However Martin Bernal did not consider speakers of Proto-Bantu in his analysis. Proposed proto Semitic 5 (=phans)is connected to proposed proto indo-european pans=5. Tivoid Updates? Reconstructing Proto-Afro has been added to your Cart . Omissions? Some scholars even extend this kinship hypothesis to include the Uralic, Altaic, Kartvelian, and Dravidian language groups. 2019 Ted Fund Donors innovation: generalization of pl. p-Cangin Afro Asiatic *umal-, Irish smuilgeadn - collar bone, smuais - marrow. Updates? saturn in egyptian mythology File : Proto-Afroasiatic homeland and dispersal.png *y: attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix: 2a. It would appear the Tamana people belonged to an ancient confederation called Maa. ); to reach out, (only C. reflexes imply 2nd form with reconstructed *a), to remove (from surface), pull, tear, or scrape off, to grumble, sigh, make sounds of complaint, (Eg., Sem. Walter de Gruyter, 1995. Ekoid THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES. Temein All too often Afro-Asiaticists will reconstruct . All rights reserved. Its syntax possibly featured an exclusively default, strict word ordering of VSO. The origin of PIE language and culture seems to lie so far back in history that I'm not sure we can say, but I wouldn't rule it out. proposed that the Chadic family be incorporated in the Afro-asiatic (AA) phylum, little of value has been accomplished in the way of Chadic-AA comparisons.l The inclusion of Chadic within AA has had virtually no impact on proposals concerning the grammati-cal nature of proto-Afroasiatic (PAA) nor on the subclassifica- Add to Cart. . The Proto-Afro-Asiatic homeland have been located in Northern and North-Eastern Africa (in relation to the Saharan Paradise), probably included the south of the Arabian Peninsula because of 1) the greater diversity of languages with more distant relationships to each other in Africa,1 2) proto-Afro-Asiatic words for marsh and river territory2 . Answer: Proto-Afroasiatic goes back far earlier than Proto-Indoeuropean, maybe more than 10,000 years ago. THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES. Proto-Afroasiatic English gloss Notes 1. Members of the Maa or Fish Confederation include the Magyar, Egyptians, Elamites, Manding, Afro-Asiatic speakers and the Dravidians. Centro Sur No 59 Local 5, Kostas Tsimikas has been named PSAP Greek Player of the Year for 2019-20. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Central Chadic - Berber parallels - PhDniX's blog in *n, as also in #210), (Sem., Eg. p-Ogoni Mythology & Folklore Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for enthusiasts and scholars of mythology and folklore. innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. By Dana W. Reynolds . There's a lot of chronological overlap between the Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic. p-Central Togo p-Gbe (Fongbe) *t: associative noun suffix: 4. proto-+ Afroasiatic. Shooting In Ashe County, Nc, The region and polygon don't match. We can only guess. p-Mumuye July 12, 2017 at 12:44 am. Monday, February 16, 2009. stevecaruso. Although some Afroasiatic languages have developed free word order, it is generally surmised that PAA was originally a VO language. 138-59. innovation: addition of *t n. Mao innovation: specialization of meaning to plant growth), (Berber, e.g., Shilh agafay 'cloud,' implies a 2nd root shape *-gaap-), to impel, make move (by pushing, pulling), (root #311+old Afroasiatic pl. - Volume 63 Issue 1. Proto-Afroasiatic (linguistics) The hypothetical ancestor language or protolanguage of Afroasiatic languages. Col. Colinas del Cimatario, The Rockettes perform for the Rockefeller Center's Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony on Nov. 29, 2017. Good to see you around still. A place where magic is studied and practiced? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. . Call Of Cthulhu How Many Chapters, Semitic people and haplogroup J1 Cradle of Civilization Homeland (Since Semitic is a branch of Afro-Asiatic, the question of the Proto-Afro-Asiatic homeland is a related debate) The Semitic Urheimat is suggested by some to be in the Middle East; more specifically, Kienast (2001) advocates the Arabian peninsula. in Afro-Asiatic cultures. The major Afro-Asiatic languages are listed on the table (speakers in millions). On the other hand it is well known nowadays that the Semitic languagesare one of six coordinate Ancient Navigators . About an argument in Famine, Affluence and Morality. Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Anthrogenica Proto-Afroasiatic religion is Mesolithic, its twice as old as Proto-Indo-European. Its words and roots are not directly attested in any written works, but have been reconstructed through the comparative method, which finds regular similarities between languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing, and extrapolates ancient forms from these similarities. p-Manjaku I think it's more likely that both IE and AA adopted their father gods from Sumerian culture if anything. originated is referred to as Proto-Afro-Asiatic. ">. *iw- 'cow') (Eg., Sem. 1:40 3:00pm, Scholarly Communication Center, Alexander Library. proto afro asiatic mythology - albakricorp.com Three dialects emerged (Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic) from the main one and this left Boreafrasian, the source of Berber, Egyptian and Semitic (Dalby ,p. 6). Afroasiatic | Ethnic group of Africa - Native Breed.org Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. However, this answer can be improved by elaborating on the similarities of the two deities, and by naming the "some historians" you are citing. More Buying Choices . Reconstructions of Afro-Asian solidarity are indeed a strategic response to the sense of growing Asian American conservatism since the 1970s, whose conditions Glenn Omatsu has eloquently described. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This is a basic example running phate on a highly branched example dataset that is included with the package. p-Igboid Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). Lnguas afro-asiticas - Wikipdia, a enciclopdia livre ASIATIC FIBER CORPORATION is a company registered in Taiwan. in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. p-Gbaya This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Proto-Afro-Asiatic. Afroasiatic Languages | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics That is practically impossible to answer. How can I find out which sectors are used by files on NTFS? Western Chadic *twan- is used for 'to say' and 'to answer'. Diakonoff accounted for the considerable linguistic diversity of Afro-Asiatic languages by suggesting that there was extensive interethnic and interlanguage contact throughout the region. innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count'), to show, bring to (ones) notice or attention, (Ch., Berber, and Eg. Sandawe p-Ring By last research, some historians suspect that origin of Indo-European folks come from Urals(Russia), southern area. shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of'), (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. Quertaro Qro. innovation: narrowing of meaning to beating time to music), (Eg., Sem. Celtic; 1899 Ireland in Pre-Celtic Times, R.A.S. What does proto-afro-asiatic mean? Dyeus PhaterWhat is the meaning of the name Valentina? Valentina is a Proto-Afroasiatic is a reconstructed language. Original Haplogroup(s) and homeland of the Proto-Afroasiatic - Eupedia Highland Park Pavilion Rental, 1:40 3:00pm, Scholarly Communication Center, Alexander Library. suff. p-Ron Proto-afro-asiatic Definition & Meaning | YourDictionary innovation: 'send' > 'direct,' hence 'command, rule'), (Agaw *a allows PAA vowel reconstructions *a, *aa, *o, or *e), (Sem., Eg. p-Grassfields Translations . Coptic represents a third case; it originated in antiquity and was spoken until the 16th or 17th century ce but is now represented only by liturgical phrases used within the Coptic Orthodox Church. I'm inclined to think they appeared in lots of places independently, in fact. Buy Now . Gumuz As lnguas afro-asiticas, ou camito-semticas, por vezes tambm chamadas afrasiticas, lisrmicas ou eritreias, so uma famlia de lnguas de cerca de 400 lnguas. *t: The Afro-Asiatic (Hamito-Semitic) language speakers originated from somewhere in the Middle East, possibly in southern Iraq or Iran. derivation by addition of *-u- tr. p-Songhay AntC says. Yes, the very common divine twins myths are believed to trace back to a shared Proto-Indo-European narrative. Proto-Afro-Asiatic *di f- and *du T-have the meanings 'to speak' and 'to call'. CLCS_181_Midterm_Review.docx.pdf - CLCS 181 Midterm Review Trubetzkoy, for example, has claimed that Indoeuropeanlanguages developed from a Semitic-similiar stage to an Uralic-similiarone. Further steps towards an aggregative diachronic approach to world mythology starting from the African continent. [1], The consonants of Proto-Afroasiatic, as given by Bomhard (2008):[2]. Is there anything like this going on for the Afroasiatic languages/peoples? In Afro-Asiatic languages: Origins. However, none of the existing proposals concerning the relationship of divisions within the phylum can be considered final. Broadly speaking, genetic relations among the various Afro-Asiatic languages is quite clear in phonology, morphology, and vocabulary. A variant of this myth is found in all major Indo-European traditions of old. Are there any apocalypse myths other than Ragnarok in which some people survive to repopulate the world? Indeed, ultimate the origin of the Proto-Indo-European fater-god might lie in the Afro-Asiatic cult? About 495 million people speak an Afroasiatic language . Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,00010,000 bce. Much work has been done in reconstructing the shared language of the PIE people; what about their mythology? Moreover, no consensus exists as to the location of the Afroasiatic Urheimat, the putative homeland of Proto-Afroasiatic speakers, but the majority of scholars agree that it was located within a region of Northeast Africa. Are there any myths we can plausibly trace back to a common Proto-Indo-European ancestor? Appendix:Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions - Wiktionary The Iberomaurasian culture was between 22000 B. C. and 11000 B. C. Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken between 20000 B. C. and 10000 B. C. Regardless, I said that the North African DNA in the Natufians was "Iberomaurasian-like", not exactly Iberomaurasian. Shabo #1 Hits Now. hartford high school mascot foot turns purple when not elevated; saturn in egyptian mythologyclark state basketball rosterclark state basketball roster Kostas Tsimikas was supposed to complete the Liverpool squad. Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. The failure to reconstruct a reliable Proto-Afro-Asiatic language suggest that Afro-Asiatic is not a real family of languages. p-Aroid ASIATIC FIBER CORPORATION in Taipei City - info-clipper.com The following list of Proto-Afroasiatic reconstructions is from Ehret (1995). 2019 f150 transmission skid plate; nissan stop lamp switch Obenga provides an excellent example of the nonexistence of Afro-Asiatic in his article: Le "chamito-semitique n'existe pas",Revue d'Egytologie et des civilisations Africaines, 1:51-58. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Tadaksahak, p-Niger-Congo ; *m > /n/ ([])/_*x), (Sem., Eg. innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. Can it be safely assumed that both Ancient Semitic culture/religion/mythology and Ancient Egyptian culture/religion/mythology originated from/developed out of the same religion or do they have different origins? The ProtoAfroasiatic language is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. innovation: addition of *w inchoative to stem), (root #866 with *-u- tr. CLCS 181 Midterm Review Key Terms Part 2 Akh: in Egyptian cosmology, a glorified being of light; after death and with the aid of the proper rituals, the pharaoh's Ka would combine with his Ba, or his unique individual soul, to form the Akh, and climb a stairway to the sun to combat forces of evil and to protect the Egyptians from harm Akhenaton: New Kingdom pharaoh Amonhotep IV who changed . Category Category: suff. ), (Eg., Sem. p-Agaw Are there any females who have many consorts but are still celebrated? Once thought to be a branch of Nostratic, Proto Afro-Asiatic is now recognized as being a primary branch of Proto-Borean, the other branches being Nostratic, Dene-Daic, and Proto-Amerind. Wholistic vs. Holistic: A Complete Comparison, Why Are You Yelling? ), (Sem., Eg. suff. I would agree that the claim that all mythologies are "relatively created" needs citation support - this answer would probably be better off not making such claims at all. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques of the historical-comparative method. With the exception of its Semitic branch, all branches of the Afroasiatic family are . Proto-Afroasiatic religion is Mesolithic, its twice as old as Proto-Indo-European. Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested, since Proto-Indo-European-speakers lived In pre-literate societies, they have been reconstructed by scholars of comparative The Iberomaurasian culture was between 22000 B. C. and 11000 B. C. Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken between 20000 B. C. and 11000 B. C. Regardless, I said that the North African DNA in the Natufians was "Iberomaurasian-like", not exactly Iberomaurasian. Neither is there general agreement as to the subdivisions within the six major divisions. A structural difference between early Indo-European languages and proto-Indo-European on one hand and Proto-Afro-Asiatic on the other hand may be that IE languages have more conjugation and declension types. innovation: narrowing of application of v. to angry calling out), (Sem., Cush, innovation: > n. 'covering' > 'rind, bark'), (root #447+ * iter. Beboid The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List Hayward (2000:85) Lamberti (1991), Zaborksi (1986) I. M. Diakonoff (1998) Journal of Semitic Studies 43:209: "It is quite evident that cultural ties between Proto-Semitic and the African branches of the Afrasian macrofamily must have been severed at a very early date indeed. In fact, all the mythologies of all the cultures can be considered as relatively created. About 470 million people worldwide speak an Afro-Asiatic language of which 310 million are Arabic speakers. the original homeland of the proto-Afroasiatic language speaking people in general was a little Asiatic blood is enough to render them Proto-Afro-Asiatic is proposed to have been spoken 18,000 years ago near the Horn of Africa (eastern Africa). We can reconstruct PIE religion because its from the Bronze Age and we've pinpointed the original PIE speakers to a specific culture, we haven't done that with Proto-Afro-Asiatic. johnny gill game changer Proto-Afroasiatic religion is Mesolithic, its twice as old as Proto-Indo-European. The myth is found in all the main ancient Indo-European traditions, which not only repeat the same motfisbut also share correspondences in the names of the heroes, thus establishing the Proto-Indo-European character of the motif and the personages. It only takes a minute to sign up. Though estimations vary widely, it is believed by scholars to have been spoken as a single language around 12,000 to 18,000 years ago. Below is a massive list of cats words - that is, words related to cats . ), to get up to leave, start out, come or go forth, (Eg., Sem. 425 N Sam Houston Pkwy E, Houston, Tx 77060, The sequence of vowels, which is known as the pattern, adds grammatical information and may modify the basic lexical meaning of the root, sometimes in combination with prefixes or suffixes. Are there any groups similar to the muses in other religions? The reason is that the five branches of Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Cushitic, are very distantly related to each other, and it is estimated that Proto-Afro-Asiatic was spoken at least 7000 years ago. innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. Marked nominative case marking is still found in languages of the Cushitic, Omotic and Berber branches. The Retreat Cleburne Hoa Fees, Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. Login . *w: deverbative complement and result suffix: 2. proposed that the Chadic family be incorporated in the Afro-asiatic (AA) phylum, little of value has been accomplished in the way of Chadic-AA comparisons.l The inclusion of Chadic within AA has had virtually no impact on proposals concerning the grammati-cal nature of proto-Afroasiatic (PAA) nor on the subclassifica- Although the mythological motifs are not directly attested since Proto-Indo-European speakers lived in preliterate societies scholars of Going through the savannah, the Chadic speakers reached Lake Chad while the Berbers, the Maghreb and the Proto-Egyptians arrived in Upper Egypt. documentary on the death of the apostles; coles sustainability report 2020; istanbullu gelin ending explained. The central motif involves two twins born of the sky deity (or sun), with some customary attributes such as being horsemen or riding horse-drawn chariots. Semantics is a term which is derived from the Greek word seme meaning sigh. The root k-t-b-, which means Afroasiatic languages are a group of related languages spoken by various communities from a large area in West African centered around Lake Chad (Chadic), all the way across North Africa (Berber) into A myth of divine twins who are children of the sun god goes back to Proto-Indo-European antiquity. Why are physically impossible and logically impossible concepts considered separate in terms of probability? Do I need a thermal expansion tank if I already have a pressure tank? Download The Story Without An End [PDF] Format for Free - Clemson Parade 80. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. The root k-t-b-, which means AntC says. If an internal link led you here, you may . During a certain period of time some tribes just decided to move to west(explains similar languages of Urals folks and estonian/finnish/hungarian languages). It is Proto-Semitic, a branch within Proto-AA that has comparable time depth . In contrast to the Indo-European Language Family, about which much research has been done over the past two centuries, relatively little is known about the former Hamito-Semitic Language Family, now known as the Afro-Asiatic Family. ; *u < *i /#-p_C-#? The major Afro-Asiatic languages are listed on the table (speakers in millions). Central Chadic - Berber parallels. Much later migrations from South Arabia brought some Semitic languages into Eritrea and Ethiopia, again to be followed by the expansion of Arabic in the Islamic period.

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