The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Thus, an instructor who introduces some form of active student participation in the middle of a lecture greatly increases student retention. Even airline simulator programs require tailoring and hands-on interaction with a human instructor. New ideas should not be introduced in the conclusion because at this point they are likely to confuse the students, By organizing the lesson material into a logical format, the instructor maximizes the opportunity for students to retain the desired information. The data also support that when a condition occurs requiring a maneuver, the SBT participant responded quickly and more accurately than the participant trained only under the maneuver-based approach. A well-planned lesson means the instructor is also practicing time management skills and ensures the time allocated for the lesson is well used. If it is confusing to one person, it will be confusing to others and should be corrected, Criteria are the standards that measure the accomplishment of the objective. To be effective, an instructor utilizes people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills, This chapter explores the teaching process in general terms of how to prepare, present, apply, and assess lesson material. The planning should take into consideration the wind conditions, arrival paths, communication procedures, available runways, recommended traffic patterns, and courses of action in the event the unexpected occurs. Students learn from the beginning how to perform the maneuver or procedure and also become familiar with the performance criteria. The instructor provides the problem to the student, offering only limited assistance as the student solves it, but participating in finding solutions. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. For example, the presentation is not designed to replace the instructor. [Figure 4-2] This topic is discussed in detail in Chapter 5, Assessment, While many of the characteristics of effective instructors discussed in the previous paragraphs hold true for any instructor, the aviation instructor has the added responsibility of molding an aviation citizena pilot or maintenance technician the instructor feels confident will be an asset to the rest of the aviation community. After the presentation, the instructor should allow time for questions and a summary of key points, Computer-generated slide shows have changed the way information is presented to todays student. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. Here, the instructor develops the subject matter in a manner that helps the students achieve the desired learning outcomes. With this arrangement, each point leads logically to and serves as a reminder of the next. In most instructional situations, the instructors explanation and demonstration activities are alternated with student performance efforts. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. Because improper pilot decisions cause a significant percentage of all accidents and the majority of fatal accidents in light single- and twin-engine aircraft, SBT challenges the student or transitioning pilot with a variety of flight scenarios with the goal of reducing accidents. By organizing in this manner, the instructor phrases the questions to help the students obtain a firm grasp of the subject matter and to minimize the possibility of a rambling discussion, Plan at least one lead-off question for each desired learning outcome. However, the instructor provides the answer to the rhetorical question. All instructors who use test preparation publications should stress that these materials are not designed as stand-alone learning tools. The effective instructor is able to interpret the meaning of these reactions and adjust the lesson accordingly. Finally, lectures may be combined with other teaching methods to give added meaning and direction, The lecture method of teaching needs to be very flexible since it may be used in different ways. The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. For this instructor, effective management of the classroom promotes learning. The revised performance-based objective may now read, "Using a sectional chart and a flight computer, plan a flight and fly from point A to point B in a Cessna 172. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by June 14, 2022 June 14, 2022 a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. By being actively engaged in discussing the lecture, students improve their recall and ability to use the information in the future, It is important for the instructor to play the part of guide, keeping the discussion focused on the subject matter. Having decided on the objectives, an instructor can use this information to complete many of the steps on the lesson plan. The constant use of "What If?" The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. On the other hand, CAL is a useful tool for aviation instructors. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. A postage stamp, typed material, textbook illustrations, or a defective spark plug are representative of the items that may be projected. However, writing standards to evaluate a students level of learning or overt behavior in the affective domain (attitudes, beliefs, and values) is more difficult, The overall objective of an aviation training course is usually well established, and the general standards are included in various rules and related publications. The primary consideration in the lecture method, as in all other teaching methods, is the achievement of desired learning outcomes. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. A model is a copy of a real object. [Figure 4-9], The lecture may be conducted in either a formal or an informal manner. As indicated in chapter 2, standards for the level of learning in the cognitive and psychomotor domains are easily established. More often, the assessment is formal and results recorded to certify the students progress in the course. A syllabus is a summary or outline of a course of study that generally contains a description of each lesson, including objectives and completion standards. Whatever type of projected training aid used, it is essential for the content to be current and support the lesson, Use of projected materials requires planning and practice. The instructor also should carefully consider the class size and the depth of the presentation. Consequently, the objective normally is stated at the understanding level of learning. Careful preparation is one key to successful performance as a classroom lecturer. When a student is able to perform according to well-defined standards, evidence of learning is apparent. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. It normally includes statements of objectives, descriptions of teaching aids, definitions of assessment criteria, and indications of desired outcome, A determination of objectives and standards is necessary before any important instruction can be presented. Teaching Methods - CFI Notebook When properly used, they help gain and hold the attention of students. Unlike other forms of projected material, CDs and DVDs can also be played on a laptop computer, On the other hand, CDs and DVDs offer their own disadvantages. The instructor usually shows these primary relationships by developing the main points in one of the following ways: from past to present, simple to complex, known to unknown, and most frequently used to least used, In this pattern of development, the subject matter is arranged chronologically, from the present to the past or from the past to the present. The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). The demonstration-performance method is divided into five phases: Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. The scale model represents an exact reproduction of the original, while simplified models do not represent reality in all details. Professional instructors should not limit their objectives to meeting only the published requirements for pilot or AMT certification, Instructional objectives should also extend beyond those listed in official publications. For example, once the instructor decides how the student will accomplish the objective, most of the work that determines the elements of the lesson and the schedule of events has been done. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. In addition, they can be drawn on a chalk or marker board and can be duplicated. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. It promotes learning through repetition because those things most often repeated are best remembered. In addition to the necessary steps, the instructor should describe the end result of these efforts. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. Such material should be well organized and based on fundamentals, Organize the main and subordinate points of the lesson in a logical sequence. Likewise, military pilots use flight training devices or flight simulators to prepare for flying aircraft, such as the A-10, for which there are no two-seat training versions. The instructor, although no longer the center of attention, must continue to maintain complete control over the learning environment to ensure learning objectives are being achieved. Questions can be categorized by function and by characteristics. Colors, when used, should provide clear contrast and easily be visible, The usefulness of aids can be improved by proper sequencing to build on previous learning. Thus, the student pilot exhibits knowledge of all the elements involved in a poweroff stall as listed in the PTS, As discussed in chapter 2, humans develop cognitive skills through active interaction with the world. In the discussion method, the instructor provides a short lecture, no more than 20 minutes in length, which gives basic knowledge to the students. Fig. Beitrags-Autor: Beitrag verffentlicht: 14. On the other hand, a student needs knowledge in order to build understanding of a subject, One last disadvantage of the lecture is that it does not foster attainment of certain types of learning outcome, such as motor skills, need to be perfected via hands-on practice. Despite enormous potential, VR, in its current stage of development, has drawbacks. For example, basic map reading is a perishable skill that should be practiced often. a flight instructor demonstrates their coaching ability by Obviously, an explanation of elaborate equipment may require detailed schematics or mock-ups, but less complex equipment may lend itself to only basic shapes or figures. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. The instructor who requires notes should use them sparingly and unobtrusively, but at the same time should make no effort to hide them from the students. Early in a lesson that is to include demonstration and performance, the instructor should identify the most important learning outcomes. The aids should be concentrated on the key points. This, coupled with an inattentive viewing style, can diminish the instructional value of the CD or DVD, As is true for any instructional aid, instructors need to follow some basic guidelines when using CDs and DVDs. [Figure 4-7], The purpose of the motivation element is to offer the students specific reasons why the lesson content is important to know, understand, apply, or perform concepts of Thorndikes law of readiness. It can be used during classroom periods and preflight and postflight briefings. The desired learning outcomes should stem from the objective, Conduct adequate research to become familiar with the topic. Students do not learn to weld during one shop period or to perform crosswind landings during one instructional flight. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. For an instructor who tends to ramble, notes are a must because they help keep the lecture on track. Remember, a good inflight scenario is more than an hour of flight time; it is also a learning experience. The second activity is the instructors supervision, Student performance requires students to act and do. The pilot continued into the instrument conditions for about 30 minutes before asking Atlanta Approach Control for directions to the nearest airport for landing. All aviation instructors shoulder an enormous responsibility because their students will ultimately be flying, servicing, or repairing aircraft, but flight instructors have the additional responsibilities of evaluating student pilots and making a decision of when they are ready to solo. This is a useful technique for displaying dial indications or fitting several parts of a component together so relative motion can be simulated, With any projection equipment, instructors should ensure the projector does not obstruct the students line of sight. This research has revealed that effective instructors come in many forms, but they generally possess four essential teaching skills: people skills, subject matter expertise, management skills, and assessment skills. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion by telling them something about the subject matter to be covered, In a lecture, the instructor can present many ideas in a relatively short time. In addition, FAA inspectors and designated examiners have found that student applicants often exhibit a lack of knowledge during oral questioning, even though many have easily passed the FAA knowledge test. Immediately thereafter, the instructor should have the student attempt to perform the maneuver, coaching as necessary. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate Continental Flight 1943 was the only DC-9 to land gear up at KIAH in 1996. Sterile cockpit? General Aviation News As discussed in Chapter 1, Human Behavior, the average age of aviation students is 34 years old.

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