A. feel increasingly guilty. Researchers had male students talk on the telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. price of a compact disc, or the temptation to download, coupled with the peer pressure to do so, is B. behavioral tendencies or actions. B. the judgments of trained admissions officers. For example, if you observe a person getting on a bus and sitting on the floor instead of one of the seats. The just-world hypothesis is the belief that people get the outcomes they deserve (Lerner & Miller, 1978). A. applicants believed to feel an attraction exhibited flirtatiousness. What type of heuristic are people using when they make this assumption? One model of attribution proposes three main dimensions: locus of control (internal versus external), stability (stable versus unstable), and controllability (controllable versus uncontrollable). 1 See answer Advertisement ProfChris1 Answer: D. behavioral confirmation. The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a often great. You can imagine that if people always made situational attributions for their behavior, they would never be able to take credit and feel good about their accomplishments. Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that. asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier, most of the students. situational theory. When Sharon's B) are unsympathetic to the poor. How did your opinion of the critical thinking process compare with your classmate's? Is it more likely that the rat spends less than 555 minutes in the maze or more than 777 minutes? D. devalue their partner and become distant from him or her. Which theory best accounts for her shift in attitude? A. Attributing behavior to a person's traits is an example of what type of attribution? Research revealed that the POWs of the Korean War were brainwashed through the tactic of The results indicated that the participants were likely to perceive the confession as coerced when: You believe that you will perform poorly in exams even if you study well. tend to blame the poor for their problems. For example, if we dont know Tom that well, we wouldnt necessarily have the information to know if his behavior is consistent over time. Psychology - What is Psychology? We recommend using a beatings is an example of the _______ heuristic. Researchers investigated the reduction of littering in three high school classrooms. The cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is called the _____ heuristic. are more susceptive to illusory correlations. are more neutral regarding poverty and What In order to maintain the belief that the world is a fair place, people tend to think that good people experience positive outcomes, and bad people experience negative outcomes (Jost, Banaji, & Nosek, 2004; Jost & Major, 2001). fundamental attribution error? This is an example of how The tendency of assigning the cause or responsibility of a certain behavior or action to the internal characteristic, rather than to outside forces is called Dispositional Attribution. The field of social psychology studies topics at both the intra- and interpersonal levels. B. are unsympathetic to the poor. citation tool such as, Authors: Rose M. Spielman, William J. Jenkins, Marilyn D. Lovett. C. attitude adjustment. women thought to be unattractive spoke more slowly and deliberately. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. The tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes but situational or external attributions for negative outcomes is known as the self-serving bias (or self-serving attribution) (Miller & Ross, 1975). Kelley, H. H. (1967). Yet the older you become, the more you realize that your brother is more often convinced of things rather than accurate about things. logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills, Each semester you repeatedly underestimate how long it will take you to complete a research paper B. gradually escalating demands, or "start-smalland-build". attention. B. confirmation bias withdrawn. called, You did not study for your psychology exam. According to Gilbert and Malone (1995) and Heider (1958), which of the following psychological theories analyzes how one explains people's behavior and what one infers from it? They have excessive sex-related thoughts or fantasies that persist for a minimum duration of 3 months. Manipulating the context in which object recall occurred had no such impact on American participants. economy a year after the election. For example, we might tell ourselves that our team is talented (internal), consistently works hard (stable), and uses effective strategies (controllable). To better understand, imagine this scenario: Jamie returns home from work, and opens the front door to a happy greeting from spouse Morgan who inquires how the day has been. When we are eager to seek information that verifies our beliefs but less inclined to seek evidence that He argues that people act like scientists in trying to discover the causes of behavior. assignment. Burger and Pavelich (1994) found that voters were more likely to attribute the outcome of an election to the candidate's personal traits and positions the day after a presidential election, and to the nation's economy a year after the election. than the one you actually earned. Your experience may be understood in terms of, Research on "mood infusion" found that participants' judgments of their own videotaped behaviors They assume that he is obese because he is lazy and a binge eater and avoids exercising. the class that was told that they should be neat and This is an example of, You used to envy your brother because he was always so confident when talking to others. Social cognition (2nd ed.). Once during a hospital stay, you observed a man and a woman (both in health professional attire) talking. Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors. were more positive if, while they watched the videotape, they were, A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called, are more likely to exhibit negative expectations. Those who make dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that (p. 108) A. offer more direct support to the poor. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977; Riggio & Garcia, 2009). According to Kelley, we fall back on past experience and look for either, 1) Multiple necessary causes. Your immediate recognition of your friends' face or her voice on the phone is an example of, Marcia thought that she would have enough time to write her paper after she bought groceries and As actors of behavior, we have more information available to explain our own behavior. This is now an external or situational explanation for Jamies behavior. You assumed that the man was a physician, and that the woman was a nurse. women thought to be unattractive tried harder to be likable and stimulated better conversation. Personalism: If the other persons behavior appears to be intended to have an impact on us, we assume that it is personal and not just a by-product of the situation we are both in. This is known as the fundamental attribution error. Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that: Identify a reason for the fundamental attribution error. This book uses the Mr. Edsall contributes a weekly column from Washington, D.C. on politics, demographics and inequality. C. you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident. Researchers had male students speak by telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. Yet when we watch another person's receiving misleading information about it is called, Activating particular associations in memory is called, To retrieve a memory of where your date told you she wanted to go for dinner tomorrow, you need to D. aptitudes. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. The theory that explains people's behavior by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations is called Answer dispositional theory. Reflection: think you are a serious student because of your chronic tardiness, so you inform her of why you are According to research done by Miller and his colleagues (1975), if you want young children to put B. their teachers' elevated expectations. In a now-famous study, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that randomly selected elementary school students experienced a spurt in IQ score largely as a result of. BSc (Hons), Psychology, MSc, Psychology of Education. passes. Response Feedback: How Do We Perceive Our Social Worlds? Would your explanation for Jamies behavior change? In a study conducted by Ridge and Reber (2002), men had to interview women for a teaching assistant position. The correspondent inference theory describes the conditions under which we make dispositional attributes to the behavior we perceive as intentional. C. devalue their partner but make an effort to become close to him or her. D. biased against the President. Instead of returning the spouses kind greeting, Jamie yells, Leave me alone! Why did Jamie yell? By the end of this section, you will be able to: Social psychology examines how people affect one another, and it looks at the power of the situation. The process of assigning the cause of behavior to some situation or event outside a persons control rather than to some internal characteristic. D. matching. Ultimately, the critical thinking process has enabled me to become a more analytical and logical thinker and has provided me with a framework for making better decisions in all areas of my life. explanation below best explains this use of the fundamental attribution error? C. act more kindly toward others. Ignoring Maria's action or trying to convince him to stop giving free samples may not have the same positive impact on the business and its customer as reporting the violation. believe less in governmental financial support for the poor. How would someone committing the fundamental attribution error explain Jamies behavior? When it comes to explaining our own behaviors, however, we have much more information available to us. women thought to be attractive spoke in a more aloof and superior manner. Social Desirability: Behaviors low in sociable desirability (non-conforming) lead us to make (internal) dispositional inferences more than socially undesirable behaviors. remembered having held a very different attitude. C. cognitive dissonance theory Dispositional (i.e., internal) attributions provide us with information from which we can make predictions about a persons future behavior. approach illustrates the. group made the most profitable investment decisions? The tendency of an individual to take credit by making dispositional or internal attributions for positive outcomes (Miller & Ross, 1975). People who hold the view that poverty and unemployment are not the outcomes of situational reasons (like government schemes) will make the poor accountable for the problems. D. the class whose littering was ignored, C. the class congratulated for being neat and tidy. Now, if everybody laughs at this comedian if they dont laugh at the comedian who follows, and if this comedian always raises a laugh, then we would make an external attribution, i.e., we assume that Tom is laughing because the comedian is very funny. b. are unsympathetic to the poor. A. cognitive dissonance theory through a camera focused on the Spell out the dollars and cents on the long line that en observe others from a different perspective than we observe ourselves. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. D. admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to oppose it in their essays. He tells you that the light was yellow. D. confidence-building. For example, we might tell ourselves that the other team has more experienced players or that the referees were unfair (external), the other team played at home (unstable), and the cold weather affected our teams performance (uncontrollable). C. Inform people about the overconfidence bias. tell them that people who litter are bad. observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to You might say you were very tired or feeling unwell and needed quiet timea situational explanation. Social psychologists focus on how people conceptualize and interpret situations and how these interpretations influence their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). MY POST: inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. C. When our attitudes do not match the majority opinion. This is an example of. Cognitive Psychology Overview of Theory. B. self-perception theory What type of heuristic was used during this described initial evaluation about the profession of the two individuals? tell them that they should be neat and tidy. Those who make mostly situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment may tend to adopt political positions that favor more governmental financial support for the poor Those who make mostly dispositional attributions regarding poverty and unemployment may tend to adopt political positions that Self-serving bias is the tendency to explain our successes as due to dispositional (internal) characteristics, but to explain our failures as due to situational (external) factors. Questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answers, and they presented these questions to the contestants. Introduction to psychology and research methods. Just after it happens, the man who ran the stoplight gets out of the car to talk to you. Please read our, Social Psychology by David Myers 9th edition test questions. The results indicated that participants were more likely to A. the illusory correlation. A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n) both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts. Given past research, ______ of the participants will later recall situation. Those who make situational attributions regarding poverty and unemployment tend to adopt political positions that Offer more direct support to the poor In _____ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions. described the speaker's position as poorly developed. Your revised explanation might be that Jamie was frustrated and disappointed about being laid off and was therefore in a bad mood (state). better firefighters. Your brother's behavior can be explained by the Kruger and Dunning (1999) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills. Fletcher and his colleagues (1986) found that psychology students explained behavior _______ than B. are unsympathetic to the poor are unsympathetic to the poor. Tell people that there is no remedy for the overconfidence bias. One overestimates situational influences upon others' behavior. You A. illusory correlation. The participants explanations rarely included causes internal to themselves, such as dispositional traits (for example, I need companionship.). Heider, F. (1958). Thus, social psychology studies individuals in a social context and how situational variables interact to influence behavior. Samantha files harassment charges against Steve. D. begin to believe what they are say. Quiz Grade 2. The actor-observer bias is the phenomenon of attributing other peoples behavior to internal factors (fundamental attribution error) while attributing our own behavior to situational forces (Jones & Nisbett, 1971; Nisbett, Caputo, Legant, & Marecek, 1973; Choi & Nisbett, 1998). 1999-2023, Rice University.

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